Jaundice is a common condition that affects many newborns, usually appearing within the first few days of life. It is characterized by a yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated bilirubin levels in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced by the breakdown of red blood cells.
Causes
The most common cause of jaundice in newborns is physiological jaundice, which occurs because the newborn's liver is not yet mature enough to effectively remove bilirubin from the blood. Other causes include breastfeeding jaundice, breast milk jaundice, and hemolytic disorders such as RH or ABO incompatibility.
Symptoms
Newborns with jaundice may exhibit yellowing of their skin and eyes which is most noticeable in fair-skinned babies. Other symptoms can include lethargy, poor feeding, and a high-pitched cry. Severe jaundice can affect an infant's brain development, though prompt treatment typically prevents this.
Types
- Physiological Jaundice: Occurs in over half of all newborns due to the immature liver and generally resolves within a week or two without intervention.
- Breastfeeding Jaundice: Can arise when infants do not receive enough breast milk on day one, leading to dehydration and increased bilirubin levels.
- Breast Milk Jaundice: A specific substance in some mothers' breast milk can affect the baby's ability to clear bilirubin, usually appearing after five days of age.
Prevention and Treatment
Regular feedings are crucial in preventing jaundice. For many infants with mild jaundice, frequent breastfeeding or bottle-feeding ensures they receive adequate liquids and helps to pass stools, reducing bilirubin levels. In cases where the bilirubin level is very high, phototherapy (light treatment) may be used to break down bilirubin in the skin.
In rare instances of severe jaundice, an exchange transfusion might be necessary to replace blood with a solution that can help removebilirubin. This procedure is generally only used when other treatments have failed and bilirubin levels are dangerously high.
Parents should be aware of the signs and work closely with pediatricians to monitor their newborn's condition. Keeping regular follow-up appointments allows healthcare providers to track bilirubin levels and intervene as needed, ensuring optimal outcomes for both mother and child.